This tense is used to describe actions that were completed in the past, where the speaker has direct knowledge or witnessed the event personally.
💡 The Basic Rule:
The structure is: Verb Stem + Tense Suffix (-DI) + Personal Ending.
1- The Tense Suffix (-DI):
The D changes to t if the verb stem ends in a "hard" consonant (F, S, T, K, Ç, Ş, H, P). The vowel follows 4-way harmony, resulting in:
$$(dı, di, du, dü / tı, ti, tu, tü)$$
2- Conjugation Table (Verb: Okumak - To Read):
Pronoun | Personal Suffix | Positive (Read) | Negative (Didn't read) |
Ben | -m | Okudum | Okumadım |
Sen | -n | Okudun | Okumadın |
O | None | Okudu | Okumadı |
Biz | -k | Okuduk | Okumadık |
Siz | -nIz | Okudunuz | Okumadınız |
Onlar | -lAr | Okudular | Okumadılar |
Practical Examples:
Geçen hafta tatile gittik: We went on vacation last week.
Ödevini yaptın mı?: Did you do your homework?
Onlar gelmediler: They did not come.
Televizyon izledik: We watched television.